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Charles Chamberlain Hurst (1870-1947) was an English geneticist. == Career == Hurst had hoped to read Natural Sciences at Cambridge University, but became ill at a critical time, possibly with tuberculosis, and this prevented him attending,〔Cock,Alan G. & Forsdyke, D.R. 2008. Treasure Your Exceptions. The Science and Life of William Bateson. Springer, Berlin. Chapter 10. pp. 269-294. Bateson's Bulldog.〕 although he recovered and led an active life thereafter. Hurst inherited a plant nursery business in the small Leicestershire village of Burbage. At his Burbage laboratories, a part of the family plant nurseries, Hurst carried out his studies on hybridization in orchids. He wrote an early paper proposing that new species evolved from hybridization, based on his orchid knowledge, in 1898,〔Hurst, C. C. 1898. Curiosities of orchid breeding. Nature (London) 59:178-181〕 almost two decades before similar theories were published by Johannes Paulus Lotsy.〔Lotsy, J. P. 1916. Evolution by Means of Hybridization. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague〕〔Sadly Lotsy, who was a very influential Dutch botanist, still appears in Wikipedia only on a Spanish page http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Paulus_Lotsy〕 Hurst was a frequent correspondent and friend to William Bateson and helped in the introduction of Mendelian genetics in the early 20th Century. Also in Burbage, Hurst collected the first data to advance the theory that blue eye color was recessive to brown. He carried out many investigations into the genetics of coat color inheritance in horses, chickens and other domestic animals. As well as studying eye colour in humans he was an ardent eugenicist and believed fervently that the human race could be improved by genetic study. In his book on 'Creative Evolution'〔Hurst C.C. 1932. ''The Mechanism of Creative Evolution''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.〕 he advocated a theory of musical ability based on Mendelian loci. Although an early promoter and lifelong supporter of Mendelian genetics and a friend of Bateson's, he appears to have parted ways with his mentor on some points. In his 1932 book on ''The Mechanism of Creative Evolution''〔Hurst C.C. 1932. ''The Mechanism of Creative Evolution''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.〕 Hurst adopted the chromosome theory of inheritance whole-heartedly referring copiously to Thomas Hunt Morgan's ''Drosophila'' work, and he was also clearly a staunch Darwinist. He believed that natural selection and Mendelian genetics were compatible, and referred to the theoretical work of Sewall Wright, R.A. Fisher, and J.B.S. Haldane, which proved that quantitative traits and natural selection were compatible with Mendelism. As he argued in ''Creative Evolution'' (1932), p. xix: :"The genetical approach to Darwinism has been further strengthened by the mathematical work of Fisher and Haldane, which has placed the study of natural selection on a higher plane, and has provided a new tool and approach to the problem, from which much is expected during the next decade. Fisher's work on ''The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection'', with its new views of the origin of dominance and the natural selection of genotypes, has already become a classic. J.B.S. Haldane's ''Mathematical Theory of Natural Selection'' shows that in evolution, neither mutation nor Lamarckian transformation can prevail against natural selection of even moderate intensity. In America, Sewall Wright has also made an extensive mathematical investigation of the problem of evolution and natural selection, and in the main his results agree with those of Fisher and Haldane although he attaches more importance to random survivals in medium-sized populations than either Fisher or Haldane." Hurst was also a major initiator of the modern "genetical species concept" later known as the biological species concept. This was very much in tune with William Bateson's own beliefs, and Bateson's views on this topic were accepted by many other geneticists worldwide, including Theodosius Dobzhansky. Here is Hurst's concept of species in ''Creative Evolution'' (1932), p. 66-7: :"A species is a group of individuals of common descent, with certain constant specific characters in common which are represented in the nucleus of each cell by constant and characteristic sets of chromosomes carrying homozygous specific genes, causing as a rule intra-fertility and inter-sterility. On this view the species is no longer an arbitrary conception convenient to the taxonomist, a mere new name or label, but rather a real specific entity which can be experimentally demonstrated genetically and cytologically. Once the true nature of species is realised and recognised in terms of genes and chromosomes, the way is open to trace its evolution and origin, and the genetical species becomes a measurable and experimental unit of evolution." Such views were typical of the stance in evolutionary biology, adopted later by and today mainly credited to Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr, and dubbed "The Modern Synthesis" by Julian Huxley in 1942. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Charles Chamberlain Hurst」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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